Vulnerability Name:

CVE-2006-1173 (CCN-27128)

Assigned:2006-06-08
Published:2006-06-08
Updated:2018-10-18
Summary:Sendmail before 8.13.7 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via deeply nested, malformed multipart MIME messages that exhaust the stack during the recursive mime8to7 function for performing 8-bit to 7-bit conversion, which prevents Sendmail from delivering queued messages and might lead to disk consumption by core dump files.
CVSS v3 Severity:5.3 Medium (CCN CVSS v3.1 Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L)
Exploitability Metrics:Attack Vector (AV): Network
Attack Complexity (AC): Low
Privileges Required (PR): None
User Interaction (UI): None
Scope:Scope (S): Unchanged
Impact Metrics:Confidentiality (C): None
Integrity (I): None
Availibility (A): Low
CVSS v2 Severity:5.0 Medium (CVSS v2 Vector: AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P)
Exploitability Metrics:Access Vector (AV): Network
Access Complexity (AC): Low
Authentication (Au): None
Impact Metrics:Confidentiality (C): None
Integrity (I): None
Availibility (A): Partial
5.0 Medium (CCN CVSS v2 Vector: AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P)
Exploitability Metrics:Access Vector (AV): Network
Access Complexity (AC): Low
Athentication (Au): None
Impact Metrics:Confidentiality (C): None
Integrity (I): None
Availibility (A): Partial
Vulnerability Type:CWE-399
Vulnerability Consequences:Denial of Service
References:Source: FREEBSD
Type: UNKNOWN
FreeBSD-SA-06:17.sendmail

Source: SGI
Type: UNKNOWN
20060601-01-P

Source: CCN
Type: SGI Security Advisory 20060601-01-P
Security update for Sendmail

Source: SGI
Type: UNKNOWN
20060602-01-U

Source: MITRE
Type: CNA
CVE-2006-1173

Source: HP
Type: UNKNOWN
HPSBTU02116

Source: SUSE
Type: UNKNOWN
SUSE-SA:2006:032

Source: CCN
Type: RHSA-2006-0515
sendmail security update

Source: CCN
Type: SA15779
Sendmail Multi-Part MIME Message Handling Denial of Service

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Patch, Vendor Advisory
15779

Source: CCN
Type: SA20473
HP Tru64 UNIX and HP Internet Express Sendmail Vulnerability

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Patch, Vendor Advisory
20473

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
20641

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
20650

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
20651

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
20654

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
20673

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
20675

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
20679

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
20683

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
20684

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
20694

Source: CCN
Type: SA20726
FortiMail Sendmail Multi-Part MIME Message Handling Vulnerability

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
20726

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
20782

Source: CCN
Type: SA21042
F-Secure Messaging Security Gateway Sendmail Vulnerability

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
21042

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
21160

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
21327

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
21612

Source: CCN
Type: SA21647
Avaya CMS / IR Sun Solaris Sendmail Denial of Service

Source: SECUNIA
Type: Vendor Advisory
21647

Source: CCN
Type: FreeBSD Security Advisory FreeBSD-SA-06:17.sendmail
Incorrect multipart message handling in Sendmail

Source: CCN
Type: SECTRACK ID: 1016295
Sendmail Excessive Recursion in Processing Malformed MIME Messages Lets Remote Users Deny Service

Source: SECTRACK
Type: UNKNOWN
1016295

Source: SLACKWARE
Type: UNKNOWN
SSA:2006-166-01

Source: CCN
Type: Sun Alert ID: 102460
A Security Vulnerability in sendmail(1M) Versions Prior to 8.13.7 May Allow a Denial of Service (DoS) To Occur

Source: SUNALERT
Type: Patch, Vendor Advisory
102460

Source: CCN
Type: ASA-2006-139
sendmail security update (RHSA-2006-0515)

Source: CONFIRM
Type: UNKNOWN
http://support.avaya.com/elmodocs2/security/ASA-2006-148.htm

Source: CCN
Type: ASA-2006-148
Sun Alert Notifications from Sun Weekly Report dated June 17 2006

Source: AIXAPAR
Type: UNKNOWN
IY85415

Source: AIXAPAR
Type: UNKNOWN
IY85930

Source: DEBIAN
Type: UNKNOWN
DSA-1155

Source: DEBIAN
Type: DSA-1155
sendmail -- programming error

Source: CCN
Type: F-Secure Security Bulletin FSC-2006-5
Deeply nested malformed MIME denial of service attack

Source: CONFIRM
Type: UNKNOWN
http://www.f-secure.com/security/fsc-2006-5.shtml

Source: CONFIRM
Type: UNKNOWN
http://www.fortinet.com/FortiGuardCenter/advisory/FG-2006-18.html

Source: CCN
Type: GLSA-200606-19
Sendmail: Denial of Service

Source: GENTOO
Type: UNKNOWN
GLSA-200606-19

Source: CCN
Type: US-CERT VU#146718
Sendmail fails to handle malformed multipart MIME messages

Source: CERT-VN
Type: Third Party Advisory, US Government Resource
VU#146718

Source: MANDRIVA
Type: UNKNOWN
MDKSA-2006:104

Source: CCN
Type: OpenBSD 3.9 release errata
003: SECURITY FIX: June 15, 2006

Source: OPENBSD
Type: UNKNOWN
[3.8] 008: SECURITY FIX: June 15, 2006

Source: OSVDB
Type: UNKNOWN
26197

Source: CCN
Type: OSVDB ID: 26197
Sendmail Multi-Part MIME Message Handling DoS

Source: REDHAT
Type: UNKNOWN
RHSA-2006:0515

Source: BUGTRAQ
Type: UNKNOWN
20060620 Sendmail MIME DoS vulnerability

Source: BUGTRAQ
Type: UNKNOWN
20060621 Re: Sendmail MIME DoS vulnerability

Source: BUGTRAQ
Type: UNKNOWN
20060624 Re: Sendmail MIME DoS vulnerability

Source: BUGTRAQ
Type: UNKNOWN
20060721 rPSA-2006-0134-1 sendmail sendmail-cf

Source: HP
Type: UNKNOWN
HPSBUX02124

Source: BID
Type: Patch
18433

Source: CCN
Type: BID-18433
Sendmail Malformed MIME Message Denial Of Service Vulnerability

Source: CCN
Type: Sendmail Web site
Sendmail.com - Products - Routing, Policy, Directories, Storage and Access, Appliances

Source: CCN
Type: Sendmail, Inc. Security Advisory Sendmail-SA-200605-01
Deeply nested malformed MIME denial of service attack

Source: CONFIRM
Type: Patch, Vendor Advisory
http://www.sendmail.com/security/advisories/SA-200605-01.txt.asc

Source: CCN
Type: TLSA-2006-9
sendmail denial of service attack

Source: VUPEN
Type: UNKNOWN
ADV-2006-2189

Source: VUPEN
Type: UNKNOWN
ADV-2006-2351

Source: VUPEN
Type: UNKNOWN
ADV-2006-2388

Source: VUPEN
Type: Vendor Advisory
ADV-2006-2389

Source: VUPEN
Type: UNKNOWN
ADV-2006-2390

Source: VUPEN
Type: UNKNOWN
ADV-2006-2798

Source: VUPEN
Type: UNKNOWN
ADV-2006-3135

Source: XF
Type: UNKNOWN
sendmail-multipart-mime-dos(27128)

Source: XF
Type: UNKNOWN
sendmail-multipart-mime-dos(27128)

Source: CONFIRM
Type: UNKNOWN
https://issues.rpath.com/browse/RPL-526

Source: OVAL
Type: UNKNOWN
oval:org.mitre.oval:def:11253

Source: SUSE
Type: SUSE-SA:2006:032
sendmail remote denial of service

Vulnerable Configuration:Configuration 1:
  • cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.8.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.9.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.9.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.9.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.9.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.10.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.10.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.11.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.11.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.11.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.11.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.11.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.11.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.11.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.11.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12:beta10:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12:beta12:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12:beta16:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12:beta5:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12:beta7:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.13.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.13.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.13.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.13.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.13.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.13.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.13.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* (Version <= 8.13.6)

    • Configuration RedHat 1:
  • cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

    • Configuration RedHat 2:
  • cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:4::as:*:*:*:*:*

    • Configuration RedHat 3:
  • cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:4::desktop:*:*:*:*:*

    • Configuration RedHat 4:
  • cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:4::es:*:*:*:*:*

    • Configuration RedHat 5:
  • cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:4::ws:*:*:*:*:*

    • Configuration CCN 1:
  • cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:intelligent_quarantine:3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:advanced_message_server:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.11.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.9.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.13.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.13.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.13.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.13.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12:beta7:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12:beta5:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12:beta16:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12:beta12:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12:beta10:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.12.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.11.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.11.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.11.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.11.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.11.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.11.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.11.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.10.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.10.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.9.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.9.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.9.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.8.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:sendmail:sendmail:8.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/h:sendmail:sentrion:1.5.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • AND
  • cpe:/o:gentoo:linux:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:suse:linux_enterprise_server:8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:2.1:*:as:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:2.1:*:es:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:2.1:*:ws:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:3::ws:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:3::es:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:3::as:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:suse:suse_linux:9.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:3::desktop:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:suse:suse_linux:9.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:mandrakesoft:mandrake_linux_corporate_server:3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:4::as:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:4::desktop:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:4::es:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:4::ws:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:debian:debian_linux:3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/a:mandrakesoft:mandrake_multi_network_firewall:2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:suse:suse_linux:10.0:*:oss:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:redhat:linux_advanced_workstation:2.1:*:itanium:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:mandrakesoft:mandrake_linux:2006:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:openbsd:openbsd:3.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:suse:suse_linux:10.1:*:personal:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:mandrakesoft:mandrake_linux:2006:*:x86-64:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:mandrakesoft:mandrake_linux_corporate_server:3.0:*:x86_64:*:*:*:*:*
  • OR cpe:/o:suse:suse_linux:9.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

    • * Denotes that component is vulnerable
    Oval Definitions
    Definition IDClassTitleLast Modified
    oval:org.opensuse.security:def:20061173
    V
    		CVE-2006-1173
    2015-11-16
    oval:org.mitre.oval:def:11253
    V
    		Sendmail before 8.13.7 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via deeply nested, malformed multipart MIME messages that exhaust the stack during the recursive mime8to7 function for performing 8-bit to 7-bit conversion, which prevents Sendmail from delivering queued messages and might lead to disk consumption by core dump files.
    2013-04-29
    oval:org.debian:def:1155
    V
    		programming error
    2013-01-21
    oval:com.redhat.rhsa:def:20060515
    P
    		RHSA-2006:0515: sendmail security update (Important)
    2008-03-20
    BACK
    sendmail sendmail 8.8.8
    sendmail sendmail 8.9.0
    sendmail sendmail 8.9.1
    sendmail sendmail 8.9.2
    sendmail sendmail 8.9.3
    sendmail sendmail 8.10
    sendmail sendmail 8.10.1
    sendmail sendmail 8.10.2
    sendmail sendmail 8.11.0
    sendmail sendmail 8.11.1
    sendmail sendmail 8.11.2
    sendmail sendmail 8.11.3
    sendmail sendmail 8.11.4
    sendmail sendmail 8.11.5
    sendmail sendmail 8.11.6
    sendmail sendmail 8.11.7
    sendmail sendmail 8.12 beta10
    sendmail sendmail 8.12 beta12
    sendmail sendmail 8.12 beta16
    sendmail sendmail 8.12 beta5
    sendmail sendmail 8.12 beta7
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.0
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.1
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.2
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.3
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.4
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.5
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.6
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.7
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.8
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.9
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.10
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.11
    sendmail sendmail 8.13.0
    sendmail sendmail 8.13.1
    sendmail sendmail 8.13.1.2
    sendmail sendmail 8.13.2
    sendmail sendmail 8.13.3
    sendmail sendmail 8.13.4
    sendmail sendmail 8.13.5
    sendmail sendmail *
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.0
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.6
    sendmail intelligent quarantine 3.0
    sendmail advanced message server -
    sendmail sendmail 8.11.1
    sendmail sendmail 8.9.3
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.1
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.2
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.3
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.4
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.5
    sendmail sendmail 8.13.6
    sendmail sendmail 8.13.5
    sendmail sendmail 8.13.4
    sendmail sendmail 8.13.3
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.11
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.9
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.8
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.7
    sendmail sendmail 8.12 beta7
    sendmail sendmail 8.12 beta5
    sendmail sendmail 8.12 beta16
    sendmail sendmail 8.12 beta12
    sendmail sendmail 8.12 beta10
    sendmail sendmail 8.12.10
    sendmail sendmail 8.11.7
    sendmail sendmail 8.11.6
    sendmail sendmail 8.11.5
    sendmail sendmail 8.11.4
    sendmail sendmail 8.11.3
    sendmail sendmail 8.11.2
    sendmail sendmail 8.11.0
    sendmail sendmail 8.10.2
    sendmail sendmail 8.10.1
    sendmail sendmail 8.9.2
    sendmail sendmail 8.9.1
    sendmail sendmail 8.9.0
    sendmail sendmail 8.8.8
    sendmail sendmail 8.10
    sendmail sentrion 1.5.1
    gentoo linux *
    suse linux enterprise server 8
    redhat enterprise linux 2.1
    redhat enterprise linux 2.1
    redhat enterprise linux 2.1
    redhat enterprise linux 3
    redhat enterprise linux 3
    redhat enterprise linux 3
    suse suse linux 9.1
    redhat enterprise linux 3
    suse suse linux 9.2
    mandrakesoft mandrake linux corporate server 3.0
    redhat enterprise linux 4
    redhat enterprise linux 4
    redhat enterprise linux 4
    redhat enterprise linux 4
    debian debian linux 3.1
    mandrakesoft mandrake multi network firewall 2.0
    suse suse linux 10.0
    redhat linux advanced workstation 2.1
    mandrakesoft mandrake linux 2006
    openbsd openbsd 3.9
    suse suse linux 10.1
    mandrakesoft mandrake linux 2006
    mandrakesoft mandrake linux corporate server 3.0
    suse suse linux 9.3